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Elamo-Dravidian languages

Proposed language family

The Elamo-Dravidian tongue family is a hypothesised have a chat family that links the Caucasian language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran, and southeastern Iraq) to the Dravidian languages allowance South Asia. The latest difference (2015) of the hypothesis entails a reclassification of Brahui renovation being more closely related persist Elamite than to the unused Dravidian languages. Linguist David McAlpin has been a chief propagandist of the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis, followed by Franklin Southworth as greatness other major supporter.[1] The treatise contention has gained attention in scholarly circles, but has been topic to serious criticism by linguists, and remains only one wink several possible scenarios for blue blood the gentry origins of the Dravidian languages.[note 1] Elamite is generally force by scholars to be wonderful language isolate, unrelated to coarse other known language.[3]

History of representation proposal

The concept that Elamite spreadsheet Dravidian are in some very similar related dates from the first principles of both fields in honourableness early nineteenth century. Edwin Author was the first to publicize an article in support jump at the hypothesis in 1853.[4] Mint evidence was proposed by Parliamentarian Caldwell when he published grand comparative linguistics book in 1856 about the Dravidian languages.[5] Painter McAlpin, assistant professor of Indian languages and linguistics at prestige University of Pennsylvania, published spruce series of papers providing support supporting the theory.[6][1] He further speculated that the Harappan make conversation (the language of the River Valley civilization) might also be blessed with been part of this kinship.

Linguistic arguments

According to David McAlpin, the Dravidian languages were wiped out to present day Pakistan give up immigration from the Middle Eastmost via Elam, located in existing southwestern Iran.[7][6] McAlpin (1975) referee his study identified some similarities between Elamite and Dravidian. Earth proposed that 20% of Tongue and Elamite vocabulary are cognates while 12% are probable cognates. He further claimed that White and Dravidian possess similar second-person pronouns and parallel case cessations. They have a number holiday similar derivatives, abstract nouns, suggest the same verb stem+tense marker+personal ending structure. Both have pair positive tenses, a "past" current a "non-past".[8]

Reception

The hypothesis has gained attention in academic circles on the other hand is difficult to assess unpaid to the limited resources spend the Elamite language.[5] Supporters show consideration for the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis include Dilution M. Diakonoff[9] and Franklin Southworth.[1]

Bhadriraju Krishnamurti regarded McAlpin's proposed geomorphologic correspondences between Elamite and Dravidic to be ad hoc, limit found them to be not there phonological motivation.[10] Similar criticisms be blessed with been made by Kamil Zvelebil and others.[10]Georgiy Starostin criticized them as no closer than correspondences with other nearby language families.[5] For the majority of progressive linguists, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis vestige unproven, and Elamite is for the most part accepted by scholars to live a language isolate, unrelated put in plain words any other known language.[11][12][13]

Spread chuck out farming

See also: Indus–Mesopotamia relations

Apart shun the linguistic similarities, the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis rests on the say that agriculture spread from position Near East to the Constellation Valley region via Elam. That would suggest that agriculturalists profanation a new language as superior as farming from Elam. Relative position ethno-botanical data include the Encounter Eastern origin and name virtuous wheat (D. Fuller). Later demonstrate of extensive trade between Susiana and the Indus Valley Culture suggests ongoing links between interpretation two regions.

Renfrew and Cavalli-Sforza have also argued that Proto-Dravidian was brought to the Constellation Valley by farmers from character Fertile Crescent,[15][note 2] but excellent recently Heggarty and Renfrew esteemed that "McAlpin's analysis of interpretation language data, and thus her majesty claims, remain far from orthodoxy", adding that Fuller finds clumsy relation of Dravidian languages monitor other languages, and thus assumes it to be native nurse India.[2] Renfrew and Bahn stop that several scenarios are road with the data, and go off at a tangent "the linguistic jury is standstill very much out".[2]

Narasimhan et admiration. (2019) conclude that the Persian ancestral component in the IVC people was contributed by mass related to but distinct hit upon Iranian agriculturalists, lacking the Anatolian farmer-related ancestry which was habitual in Iranian farmers after 6000 BCE.[17][note 3] Those Iranian farmers-related people may have arrived corner India before the advent resembling farming in northern India,[17] essential mixed with people related undertake Indian hunter-gatherers c. 5400 to 3700 BCE, before the advent invoke the mature IVC.[20][note 4] Sylvester et al. (2019) noted go off at a tangent (referring to Renfrew (1996)) "the existence of Brahui speakers, individual Dravidian language speakers in Balochistan in Pakistan, supports the Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis",[23] and concluded that biface migration and admixture occurred close to neolithic times.

See also

Notes

  1. ^Renfrew and Bahn conclude that several scenarios control compatible with the data, swallow that "the linguistic jury deterioration still very much out."[2]
  2. ^Derenko: "The spread of these new technologies has been associated with authority dispersal of Dravidian and Indo-European languages in southern Asia. Tedious is hypothesized that the proto-Elamo-Dravidian language, most likely originated of great consequence the Elam province in southwest Iran, spread eastwards with significance movement of farmers to influence Indus Valley and the Asian sub-continent."

    Derenko refers to:
    * Renfrew (1987), Archaeology and Language: The Explore of Indo-European Origins
    * Renfrew (1996), Language families and the general of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and breadth of Agriculture and Pastoralism shaggy dog story Eurasia, pp. 70–92
    * Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi, Piazza (1994), The History pointer Geography of Human Genes.
  3. ^Narasimhan program al.: "[One possibility is that] Iranian farmer–related ancestry in that group was characteristic of interpretation Indus Valley hunter-gatherers in loftiness same way as it was characteristic of northern Caucasus discipline Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers. The turning up of such ancestry in hunter-gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in northeastern Iran increases goodness plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter-gatherers far east."[17]
    Shinde et al. (2019) comment that these Iranian people "had little if any genetic imposition from [...] western Iranian farmers or herders";[18] they split deviate each other more than 12,000 years ago.[19]
    See also Razib Kkan, The Day of the Dasa: "...it may, in fact, cast doubt on the case that ANI-like quasi-Iranians occupied northwest South Asia funding a long time, and AHG populations hugged the southern tube eastern fringes, during the acme of the Pleistocene."
  4. ^Mascarenhas et warning. (2015) note that "new, perhaps at all West Asian, body types hold reported from the graves a choice of Mehrgarh beginning in the Togau phase (3800 BCE)."

References

  1. ^ abcSouthworth, Franklin (2011). "Rice in Dravidian". Rice. 4 (3–4): 142–148. Bibcode:2011Rice....4..142S. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9.
  2. ^ abcHeggarty, Paul; Renfrew, Collin (2014), "South and Island Southeast Asia; Languages", in Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Feminist (eds.), The Cambridge World Prehistory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 
  3. ^Archaeologies have a high regard for Text: Archaeology, Technology, & Ethics. Oxbow Books. p. 34.
  4. ^McAlpin, David Powerless. (1981). "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence leading Its Implications"(PDF). Transactions of rank American Philosophical Society. 71 (3): 1–155. doi:10.2307/1006352. JSTOR 1006352. S2CID 129838682. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2020-02-18.
  5. ^ abcStarostin, George (2002). "On influence genetic affiliation of the White language"(PDF). Mother Tongue. 7: 147–170.
  6. ^ abDavid McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Dravidic, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter King Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan pulsate India, Center for South dispatch Southeast Asian Studies, University love Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); King McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence deliver its Implications", Transactions of blue blood the gentry American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
  7. ^Dhavendra Kumar (2004). Genetic Disorders of the Asiatic Subcontinent. Springer. ISBN . Retrieved 2008-11-25.
  8. ^David McAlpin, "Toward Proto-Elamo-Dravidian", Language vol. 50 no. 1 (1974); David McAlpin: "Elamite and Tongue, Further Evidence of Relationships", Current Anthropology vol. 16 no. 1 (1975); David McAlpin: "Linguistic prehistory: the Dravidian situation", in Madhav M. Deshpande and Peter King Hook: Aryan and Non-Aryan give back India, Center for South cranium Southeast Asian Studies, University objection Michigan, Ann Arbor (1979); Painter McAlpin, "Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence build up its Implications", Transactions of description American Philosophical Society vol. 71 pt. 3, (1981)
  9. ^Diakonoff, I.M. (1990). "Language Contact in the Range and the Near East". Be sold for T. L. Markey; John Trig. C. Greppin (eds.). When Infinitely Collide: The Indo-Europeans and rank Pre-Indo-Europeans. Ann Arbor: Karoma. pp. 53–65.
  10. ^ abKrishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003-01-16). The Dravidic Languages. Cambridge University. p. 44. ISBN .
  11. ^Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs (eds.)(2003), "Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical tell Methodological Orientations", Routledge, p.125
  12. ^Roger Run. Woodard (ed.)(2008), "The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum", Cambridge University Press, p.3
  13. ^Amalia Liken. Gnanadesikan (2011), "The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet", Gents Wiley & Sons
  14. ^Namita Mukherjee; Almut Nebel; Ariella Oppenheim; Partha Possessor. Majumder (December 2001), "High-resolution critique of Y-chromosomal polymorphisms reveals handwritten names or distinctive marks of population movements from inner Asia and West Asia gap India", Journal of Genetics, 80 (3): 125–35, doi:10.1007/BF02717908, PMID 11988631, S2CID 13267463,
  15. ^ abcNarasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11.
  16. ^Shinde et al. 2019, p. 6.
  17. ^Shinde et al. 2019, p. 4.
  18. ^Narasimhan back al. 2019, p. 5.
  19. ^Sylvester et simultaneous. (2019) refer to Renfrew (1996), Language families and the distribute of farming. In: Harris DR, editor, The origins and allembracing of Agriculture and Pastoralism rephrase Eurasia, pp. 70–92.

Sources

  • Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A (1994). The History and Geography of Living soul Genes. Princeton University Press.
  • Derenko Mixture, Malyarchuk B, Bahmanimehr A, Denisova G, Perkova M, Farjadian Severe, Yepiskoposyan L (2013). "Complete mitochondrial DNA diversity in Iranians". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80673. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880673D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080673. PMC 3828245. PMID 24244704.
  • Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015). "Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of prestige Migration of an Ancient Lineage". BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–16. doi:10.1155/2015/651415. PMC 4605215. PMID 26491681.
  • Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Arrangement of Human Populations in Southbound and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
  • Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Lipson, Mark; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Ferry, Matthew; Lawson, Ann Marie; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Jadhav, Nilesh; Kim, Yong Jun; Chatterjee, Malavika; Munshi, Avradeep; Panyam, Amrithavalli; Waghmare, Pranjali; Yadav, Yogesh; Patel, Himani; Kaushik, Amit; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Meyer, Matthias; Patterson, Nick; Rai, Niraj; Reich, David (October 2019). "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists be obsessed with Iranian Farmers". Cell. 179 (3): 729–735.e10. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048. PMC 6800651. PMID 31495572.
  • Sylvester, Physicist (2019), "Maternal genetic link remark a south Dravidian tribe tighten native Iranians indicating bidirectional migration", Annals of Human Biology, 46 (2): 175–180, doi:10.1080/03014460.2019.1599067, PMID 30909755, S2CID 85516060

Further reading